**The monitoring of forestry projects after they have been implemented is fundamental and a cornerstone of our action. Reforest'Action has a rigorous monitoring process, adapted to geographical zones and project types. In France and Europe, remote monitoring is complemented by a field audit carried out by Reforest'Action project managers at least once during the first five years following project implementation. Analysis of the data generated by this monitoring process is used to formulate management recommendations and apply corrective measures as part of a continuous improvement process. Here are the results of the monitoring campaign carried out between April and November 2023 on a panel of projects located in Europe.**

![Saint-Angel-2.jpg](/uploads/Saint_Angel_2_6e5de276b1.jpg)
 
## Monitor projects remotely to assess their health
### What is the remote project monitoring protocol?

Remote monitoring is based on information transmitted by the project implementers (forest owners or managers) via a digital data collection tool and, where applicable, by telephone. Reforest'Action project managers then analyze the data, which includes tree survival rates, plot health, potential damage, the presence of biodiversity-friendly elements, and actions taken by the plot owner or manager to ensure the success of the project.

This remote monitoring enables us to check the general condition of the projects and the proper development of the stands, to enrich Reforest'Action's knowledge of each project and to prepare for future field visits. 
 
### What are the results of remote monitoring in 2023?
 
#### Evaluating the survival rate

In 2023, 294 data forms from projects in France and the rest of Europe were received and processed by Reforest'Action as part of the distant monitoring campaign in 2023. These forms submitted by the project implementers reported an average survival rate of 79.84%. This rate measures the number of healthy trees in relation to the total number of trees planted as part of a project. In total, by 2023, 71% of remotely monitored projects across Europe will have a very good survival rate, of 80% or more.  
 
#### Game and drought, two frequent causes of damage

The most common types of damage to young forests are those inflicted by game, which affected almost half of the projects monitored in Europe in 2023, but also those linked to climate. Drought episodes, characterized by prolonged rainfall deficits and increasingly frequent in a context of global warming, had an impact on 60.2% of projects monitored remotely across Europe in 2023. Despite these frequent biotic and climatic hazards, only 3.74% of projects actually suffer from poor overall health according to the remote surveys, representing a cumulative total of 3,370.66 hectares, or around 4 million plants.
 
### What corrective measures will be put in place for projects that need them?

For projects with less satisfactory survival rates, corrective measures will be implemented in accordance with the contractual commitment of the project implementers. For example, replanting, which consists of renewing planting operations in areas where reforestation has failed, may be carried out to enable these projects to approach a survival rate of 80%.

From Reforest'Action's point of view, these projects will be monitored more closely in the coming year, to verify the improvement in stand health. In the rare case of a project subject to a major hazard, such as a fire or flood, Reforest'Action observes the evolution of the post-hazard ecosystem to decide on the best course of action. This is a long-term, case-by-case process. 

In addition, we recommend that, before planting, project implementers use the funding they receive not only to carry out planting operations, but also to properly prepare the plots and protect the young seedlings from the teeth of game. 

![Suivi-terrain_Maine-et-loire_2023_ReforestAction-20.jpg](/uploads/Suivi_terrain_Maine_et_loire_2023_Reforest_Action_20_e65576b8e3.jpg)
 
## Audit projects in the field to ensure their success
### How does Reforest'Action select the projects audited in the field?

Field monitoring is carried out by Reforest'Action project managers within the region for which they are responsible. Because there are so many projects to monitor (over 1,500 projects have been developed in France and Europe since 2010), field monitoring is prioritized before each annual campaign. The aim of this prioritization is to first target projects for which remote monitoring has revealed potential problems. It also aims to ensure that all projects will be monitored in the field at least once during the five years following a project's operational implementation. 
 
### What does involve a project monitoring in the field?

In order to carry out field monitoring, sampling is first carried out within the plot concerned, in order to determine sub-plots that are considered representative of the plot's general condition: some sub-plots are thus established within a dense vegetation zone, others within a zone with a low survival rate, and still others according to the plot's specific topographical conditions (altitude, slope level, rocky or wet environment...). This stratification process, which can be carried out by remote sensing, enables us to set up an operational monitoring system that reflects the reality of the project as objectively as possible. 

Within these plots, a manual count is then carried out by the Reforest'Action project manager, who records the number of living and dead trees, the species observed and the potential presence of natural regeneration. Each type of project (forestry or agroforestry projects, urban micro-forestry projects, Assisted Natural Regeneration projects or Low-Carbon label projects) has its own monitoring protocol defined by Reforest'Action.  
 
![Suivi-terrain_Maine-et-loire_2023_ReforestAction-08.jpg](/uploads/Suivi_terrain_Maine_et_loire_2023_Reforest_Action_08_2c38dd64d5.jpg)

### What are the results of field monitoring in 2023?
 
In 2023, field audits took place from April to November. For all 204 projects visited by Reforest'Action in Europe during this period, the average recovery rate was 88.43%.
 
#### 90% of projects validated

Of these 204 projects, 182 (or almost 90% of the projects audited) have been validated by Reforest'Action, i.e. the project manager has assessed that the future of the ecosystem is assured given its evolution. This validation takes into account the project's survival rate, which must be greater than 80% of the total density, including natural regeneration. 

Among the validated projects, the one in Hardelot, Pas-de-Calais, was visited by Laetitia Bernard, Reforest'Action's East of France project manager. _“This project was carried out between 2017 and 2018 to restore a forest affected by ash chalarosis, a parasitic disease that causes the trees it affects to die back,”_ explains Laetitia. _“During our field audit in 2023, we noted an excellent recovery of the planted trees, close to 90%, despite the regular droughts that have affected the department since 2017. Composed of beech, small-leaf lime and hornbeam, the young forest restored thanks to the project is now enriched by clumps of black alder, naturally regenerated and preserved by the forest manager to further accentuate the diversity of the stand. Hardelot is a fine example of a successful project, validated by Reforest'Action's field monitoring."_
 
#### 10% of projects to be corrected

For the remaining 22 projects, considered as “to be corrected”, Reforest'Action formulated written or oral recommendations to forest owners, proposing corrective actions to be implemented or pursued in order to ensure the health and sustainability of the forest ecosystem. 

_“This is the case, for example, of the La Tour-de-Sçay project in the Doubs region of France"_, continues Laetitia Bernard. _“The initial work, carried out in 2019, was aimed at reforesting a plot formerly populated by spruce trees affected by the bark beetle, a wood-eating insect. The species initially chosen were Douglas fir, field maple and walnut. But the Douglas fir seedlings didn't take well. They were replaced by cedars in 2020. When we followed up in the field in 2023, the recovery rate of the cedars was very good. On the other hand, we noted the failure of the maple and walnut plantations, despite two attempts at replanting. We therefore decided, in agreement with the forest manager, to support the natural regeneration of beech, fir and oak trees observed on the plot, and to supplement it with new cedar seedlings, which are particularly well adapted to the site. This evolutionary management of the project will optimize the health and stability of the forest ecosystem."_
 
### A central observation: the need to adapt forests to climate change

In the field, the same trend was observed as in the distant follow-up with regard to the most frequently observed damage: 44.6% of the projects audited in 2023 were affected by biotic hazards, particularly game, and 32% by climatic damage, mainly linked to drought. 

_“These field audits confirm the need to adapt tomorrow's forests to climate change, and to rely on species that are already present and more resistant via the Assisted Natural Regeneration method"_, says Thibaud Poulain, Head of Reforest'Action's Temperate Forests Division. _“The diversification of tree species, in particular, is key to increasing the stability and resilience of ecosystems in the face of future hazards. The selection of different tree species in the design of projects is therefore one of the pillars of Reforest'Action's specifications."_

![Suivi_terrain_Saint-Christol-1_Reforestaction-25.jpg](/uploads/Suivi_terrain_Saint_Christol_1_Reforestaction_25_3f1f11c124.jpg)

## Ecocert Environnement certification

In addition to Reforest'Action's remote and field monitoring protocol, a partnership with Ecocert Environnement was set up in 2020 to have our projects verified by an independent third party. Ecocert Environnement is an auditor specializing in the certification and control of environmental projects, and verifies a series of criteria based on a sampling protocol for projects financed by Reforest'Action. 

In particular, Ecocert Environnement check the name and location of the forestry project, the year the work was carried out, the species planted or regenerated, the health of the plot, the survival rate observed, as well as the reality of the financing raised by Reforest'Action and compliance with the general terms and conditions of sale. 

At each audit visit, Ecocert Environnement's conclusions are backed up by corrective measures that enable us to pursue our continuous improvement approach. In 2023, a panel of 17 projects was audited by Ecocert Environnement, of which 16 were validated and 1 remains to be corrected.

Ecocert Environnement also carries out an administrative review of projects and their management, which includes checking forest owners' commitments, invoices for plant purchases and certificates of origin.
 
![Suivi_terrain_Saint-Jean-Chambre_Reforestaction-05.jpg](/uploads/Suivi_terrain_Saint_Jean_Chambre_Reforestaction_05_33a2f1dc67.jpg)

**In a context of climate change and increased risk of hazards inherent in natural ecosystems, we make it a priority to monitor the projects we develop. This operational monitoring phase aims to verify the success of projects over the five years following their implementation. An impact measurement process will then be deployed on certain projects from the sixth year onwards, to assess the health and stability of the ecosystem and measure the impacts generated by the project on the climate, biodiversity, the soil-water system and the socio-economic sphere. Measuring all these impacts will enable us to observe the multifunctionality of ecosystems, and check their resistance and renewal in the face of disturbance. This will make it easier to support projects over the long term, by implementing a management approach that is increasingly adapted to their evolution.**

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Projects monitoring in Europe: a rigorous process for assessing the health of restored ecosystems

**While a quarter of all known plant and animal species are now endangered, initiatives continue to develop to help preserve them. Among these, The Global Biodiversity Standard (TGBS) is the only international standard to recognize and encourage the protection, restoration and enhancement of biodiversity. As part of the TGBS technical and scientific network, Reforest'Action contributes its expertise in forest ecosystem restoration and impact measurement to develop remote sensing monitoring tools, particularly for assessing plant biodiversity.**
 
![Global-Biodiversity-Standard-0.jpg](/uploads/Global_Biodiversity_Standard_0_2bb73c5ee0.jpg)

## Global biodiversity under threat
 
With a quarter of known plant and animal species now on the brink of extinction, biodiversity loss is one of the top five global risks to society over the next ten years, according to the World Economic Forum's Global Risk Report 2023. Synonymous with biological diversity, biodiversity encompasses the taxonomic, functional and structural diversity of living species. Through the ecological services it provides, biodiversity is essential to maintaining the integrity and resilience of ecosystems. 

Among the main indicators of global biodiversity loss, the decline in the extent of forests underlines their essential role as reservoirs of terrestrial biodiversity when they were the native ecosystem in place. They are home to over 80% of the planet's known terrestrial species. In this respect, a better understanding and preservation of forest biodiversity is essential to help halt the onset of the sixth mass extinction.
 
![Global-Biodiversity-Standard-1.jpg](/uploads/Global_Biodiversity_Standard_1_4d330f21cc.jpg)

## The creation of an international standard dedicated to biodiversity
 
### The ambition of the Global Biodiversity Standard

Introduced in 2022, [The Global Biodiversity Standard](https://www.biodiversitystandard.org/) (TGBS) is the only international standard to recognize and encourage the protection, restoration and enhancement of biodiversity. Against a backdrop of increasing numbers of forest creation and restoration projects, this standard aims to develop best practices for creating positive impacts on biodiversity, notably by diversifying tree communities and integrating native species into project design. In the long term, The Global Biodiversity Standard hopes to place biodiversity at the heart of all initiatives that help combat climate change and develop the livelihoods of local communities.
 
### Towards the certification of projects based on the restoration and protection of biodiversity

Based on an international scientific and technical network that includes IUCN & Botanic Garden Conservation International, CIFOR-ICRAF, Royal Botanic Gardens (Kew), Society for Ecological Restoration and Reforest'Action, The Global Biodiversity Standard is currently testing its certification method in real-life conditions, in collaboration with botanical gardens in India, Kenya, Peru, Brazil, Madagascar, Uganda, Malaysia, Jordan and Hong Kong. 

Projects submitted for The Global Biodiversity Standard certification will be assessed against criteria derived from the “10 Golden Rules for Reforestation”. This scientific paper, promulgated by Royal Botanic Gardens (Kew) and Botanic Garden Conservation International, provides guidance on how to ensure that reforestation projects promote biodiversity restoration, carbon sequestration and the creation of socio-economic benefits for local communities. 

Projects certified by The Global Biodiversity Standard must:
- Select appropriate sites to enhance native biodiversity.
- Enhance protection of existing habitats and biodiversity.
- Protect, restore and manage biodiversity in consultation and partnership with local communities and other stakeholders.
- Aim to maximise biodiversity recovery through ecosystem restoration.
- Avoid and reduce invasive or potentially invasive species.
- Prioritise the use of native, threatened and rare species.
- Promote biodiversity and adaptive capacity.
- Implement robust monitoring, evaluation, and adaptive management of biodiversity.
 
 ![Global-Biodiversity-Standard-2.jpg](/uploads/Global_Biodiversity_Standard_2_0ed75a2841.jpg)
 
## Reforest'Action's role in The Global Biodiversity Standard
 
### The contribution to remote sensing of forest biodiversity assessment

As part of The Global Biodiversity Standard's technical and scientific network, Reforest'Action brings its expertise in forest ecosystem restoration and impact measurement to the development of remote sensing monitoring tools. Reforest'Action offers The Global Biodiversity Standard a catalog of tools dedicated to remote sensing measurements. These measurements are carried out both upstream of project implementation, and downstream, as part of project monitoring. 

While tree species diversity has traditionally been assessed through field studies using samples from selected plots, this process is time-consuming and costly for large-scale analysis. Today, remote sensing provides new ways of monitoring vegetation biodiversity, offering the possibility of generating data sets to track environmental changes over the long term. This remote monitoring makes it possible to detect changes taking place within the forest cover, and thus to refine field sampling, in order to prioritize studies within areas that appear to be experiencing more or less positive evolution than others. As a complement to remote sensing, field monitoring remains essential for its accuracy, its ability to validate remote monitoring data and to calibrate the latter by providing real data to refine analyses.
 
### A tool for mapping tree species diversity in canopies

Among the catalog of tools offered by Reforest'Action to The Global Biodiversity Standard, Reforest'Action's Impact Department is collaborating directly with the standard to develop a tool dedicated to mapping the diversity of tree species within canopies. Based on a concept developed by J.-B. Féret and G. P. Asner (2014) and powered by images from Sentinel-2, a satellite in the European Space Agency's Copernicus program, the methodology and tool, re-appropriated by Reforest'Action, enables analysis of the spatial distribution of spectral species, those vegetation zones that include one or more plant species with a similar spectral signature. 

In other words, the tool can be used to assess the diversity of species within a given plot by grouping them into categories known as “spectral species”, based on their physical and biochemical properties (physiological state, water and pigment content, etc.). “Initially, we were looking for a way to measure spatial (within a project area) and temporal (over time) changes in forest stand diversity using remote sensing, in order to better guide sampling during field surveys,” explains Richard Sourbès, Reforest'Action's impact manager. “Based on the method developed by J.-B. Féret and G. P. Asner, we have developed our own tool with innovations that enable us to further refine our remote and field monitoring. While this tool has been used so far mainly in the field of research, Reforest'Action is now applying it for the first time to the operational monitoring of forest restoration projects. This innovative approach is in line with the more general use of remote sensing in the development of our forestry projects - from the design phase through to monitoring.”
 
### A field mission led by Reforest'Action to refine the tool and methodology

During a mission carried out in February 2024 as part of an international workshop organized by The Global Biodiversity Standard, a team from Reforest'Action's Impact Unit travelled to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest to compare estimated remote sensing data with data collected in the field, particularly in terms of tree species diversity in the canopy. “The aim of this mission was to compare the estimate given by satellite imagery with observation in the field, in order to verify their correlation and refine our methodology and tool”, continues Richard Sourbès. “In concrete terms, our experiments in some twenty forest and agroforestry plots demonstrated a strong relationship between the distribution of spectral tree species and that of tree species actually observed in the field.” 

This field mission showed encouraging results in terms of the relevance of monitoring spectral species as a proxy for plant diversity in the canopy. The increasing number of projects monitored using this method will enable us to improve its accuracy in the future, by adapting it to the different stages of maturity and types of forest studied by Reforest'Action. 

Ultimately, this tool should enable us to better control the evolution of our remote sensing projects, so as to optimize our field monitoring missions. It also aims to provide a better understanding of the factors influencing plant diversity and its evolution over time, so as to be able to propose corrective measures as soon as a negative evolution is detected (for example, the presence of an invasive species). Ultimately, this tool will strengthen the adaptive management of our projects and ensure the long-term survival of forest ecosystems.  

![Global-Biodiversity-Standard-4.jpg](/uploads/Global_Biodiversity_Standard_4_e23d45b127.jpg)

_To find out more about the spectral species method developed by Reforest'Action, read our dedicated article: “[Spectral species: an innovative method for studying plant biodiversity from space](https://www.reforestaction.com/en/magazine/spectral-species-monitoring-plant-biodiversity-from-space)”._


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Monitoring biodiversity to better preserve it: Reforest'Action's expertise at the service of The Global Biodiversity Standard

**To improve the monitoring of forest restoration projects, remote sensing can provide complementary indicators and support field surveys. By making it possible to monitor canopy diversity, the spatial distribution of plant species and forest evolution over time, the spectral species method and its associated tools developed by Reforest'Action are invaluable in forest management and restoration projects. They aim to enable forest managers to evolve their practices in order to optimize species diversity, as well as the stability and resilience of the forest ecosystem as a whole.** 

![Spectral-Species-canopy.jpg](/uploads/Spectral_Species_canopy_39e93e4b05.jpg)
 
## Remote sensing applied to the monitoring of vegetation
 
### Analyzing terrestrial ecosystems from space

Space-based remote sensing enables us to observe terrestrial environments using remote data acquisition methods based on the properties of electromagnetic radiation. Satellite sensors can measure the amount of energy (reflectance) reflected or emitted by a surface as a function of the wavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum, and analyze and monitor changes in the surface over time. The total reflectance recorded in each spectral band (blue, green, red, infrared, etc.) forms the object's “spectral signature”. Each surface thus has its own spectral signature, enabling it to be identified on satellite images.
 
### Defining the spectral signature of plant species

Remote sensing makes it possible to establish the spectral signature of plants by analyzing their optical properties in the visible, near-infrared and mid-infrared ranges. These properties depend in particular on the vegetation's cellular structure, as well as its water and pigment content. 
- **Cell structure.** The anatomical structure of leaves plays a significant role in the spectral signature of vegetation at longer wavelengths. Near-infrared radiation passes through the leaf to the cell layer, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. In this layer, near-infrared radiation is strongly reflected. It therefore depends directly on leaf anatomy. 
- **Water content.** Leaf water content is also a factor influencing vegetation's spectral signature in the mid-infrared wavelengths. The higher the water content, the lower the reflectance of vegetation. In remote sensing, this wavelength range is used to identify water-stressed vegetation cover.
- **Leaf pigment content.** All plants contain green pigments (chlorophyll), orange pigments (carotenes) and blue-red pigments (anthocyanins). The presence of these leaf pigments (particularly chlorophyll, which is the most abundant) in plants is responsible for their high absorption of visible radiation.

These three elements vary according to season, plant species and life cycle. In other words, the spectral signature of vegetation is not constant. It reflects differences in the structure and characteristics of plant cover. 
 
![Spectral-species-canopy-from-ground.jpg](/uploads/Spectral_species_canopy_from_ground_72dbe3beac.jpg)

## The spectral species method

### From spectral signatures to spectral species: identifying the spatial distribution of plant species

At the scale of a forest plot, remote sensing can identify different spectral signatures, which can be distinguished and attributed to distinct plant species, grouped under categories known as “spectral species”. 

“Through opensource platforms, we have access to Copernicus satellite data, which is revisited every five days or so. We can download the current satellite view of a plot within one of our projects by entering its GPS coordinates,” explains Richard Sourbès, Impact Officer for Reforest'Action. “We then process this data using the Python programming language. On the satellite view, each pixel represents a surface that emits energy in 12 spectral bands. These reflectances in each spectral band are recovered by our software. They make up the spectral signature of the forest surface analyzed. We then try to classify each pixel into groups called spectral species according to the similarity of their signatures, and we thus obtain an estimate of the number of different species present in the canopy.”

This method provides a map of the spatial distribution of spectral species observed in the forest. The map takes the form of a satellite view of the plot, with each pixel color corresponding to a spectral species. 

![Spectral-species-map.jpg](/uploads/Spectral_species_map_ae538870db.jpg)
 
### From the spatial distribution of species to an index of their diversity: monitoring plant biodiversity

This first tool can then be used to calculate diversity indices, in particular the Shannon index. The Shannon index is the most commonly used diversity index in ecology. It is used to calculate species richness and distribution within a forest. In other words, the more numerous and evenly distributed the plant species, the higher the index. 

Reforest'Action uses the Shannon index to determine the specific diversity of spectral species, which is an indicator of the biological (taxonomic) diversity of canopy species. This plant diversity is represented in the form of a heat map, which locates, in warm color, spots of high plant diversity, and in cold color, spots of low plant diversity. It is then possible to follow the evolution of this biodiversity throughout the forest's growth. 

“In concrete terms, the forest stand is re-divided into cells of around 1000 m2, in which the abundance of each of the spectral species present is calculated”, explains Richard Sourbès. “In other words, the Shannon index is calculated by a simple change of scale: going from a 10x10 m pixel to a 33x33 m pixel, we obtain zones containing a greater or lesser diversity of spectral species, enabling us to identify the most diverse areas of the plot studied. Within a cell, the more numerous and evenly distributed the spectral species, the higher the Shannon index.  Conversely, a cell containing a single spectral species will have a Shannon index equal to zero, representing zero species diversity.” 

This mapping is particularly important: it enables field monitoring missions to be steered more effectively, in particular by targeting sampling zones adapted to the results of remote monitoring, and by enabling more precise management recommendations to be formulated. The tool also complements field surveys, which cannot be carried out on all forest stands, as they sometimes extend over dozens or even hundreds of hectares.

![Shannon-Index-Map.jpg](/uploads/Shannon_Index_Map_4dc16676fd.jpg)
 
## Valuable tools for monitoring restoration projects

By making it possible to monitor canopy diversity, the spatial distribution of plant species and forest evolution over time, the spectral species method and its associated tools (spectral species map, Shannon index) are invaluable in forest management and restoration projects. 

Because the data obtained is geo-referenced, it is particularly effective for locating potential invasive species that could threaten the stability of the forest ecosystem, or a lack of species diversity at stand level. They can be used to provide an initial diagnosis of canopy plant biodiversity on a forest scale, to better understand the ecological and environmental factors that favor or hinder plant biodiversity, to establish good practices that lead to high diversity, or to take corrective measures in the opposite case.  

Forest managers can use this data to develop their management practices to optimize species diversity, as well as the stability and resilience of the forest ecosystem as a whole. 

In the medium term, the aim is to be able to calculate the Shannon index for all our projects, in order to monitor the diversity of species represented on the forest plots that have been restored. This index will enable us to measure the impact generated by our projects in terms of plant biodiversity restoration, and will join a range of impact measurement tools currently being developed by Reforest'Action's Innovation & Impact Department.

![Spectral-Species-field-data.jpg](/uploads/Spectral_Species_field_data_23a1e9b997.jpg)

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Spectral species: an innovative method for monitoring plant biodiversity from space

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2020-2021_Belleville-en-Beaujolais (69)_69 Rhône_France

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Érable champêtre

Aulne à feuilles en cœur

Viorne Lantane

Aubépine

Saule Marsault

Troene commun

Prunellier

Cornouiller sanguin

Chêne sessile (rouvre)

Chêne pédonculé

Églantier

Noisetier commun

Charme commun

Sureau noir

Fusain d'Europe

Frêne commun

Viorne obier

Dans le département du Rhône, les haies bocagères présentes sur les parcelles concernées vont être restaurées et de nouvelles vont être plantées. Ces haies serviront essentielles à la préservation de la biodiversité environnante. En effet, la protection de la biodiversité, tant sur les sites protégés pour leur intérêt écologique que sur les parcelles agricoles, est un enjeu de taille au sein de ce département. Le projet prévoit donc de planter diverses essences de feuillus. Cette démarche permettra de restaurer les corridors écologiques, milieux qui relient les différents habitats naturels des espèces locales, une démarche qui participera ainsi à la préservation de la biodiversité. De plus, ces haies situées en zone péri-urbaine auront un avantage pédagogique car elles sensibiliseront les riverains à l’intérêt écologique des haies. Ce projet compte 3000 arbres plantés qui permettront à terme de stocker du carbone, participant ainsi à la lutte contre le dérèglement climatique.

Contributes to the mitigation of the greenhouse effect and influences precipitation patterns and the local microclimate.

Preservation of local biodiversity by providing suitable habitats and resources.

Influences the quality and integrity of the soil-water system, and the cycling of water and nutrients.

Supports human well-being, by providing resources, income, education, and supporting recreation and heritage.

In the Rhône department, the hedgerows on the plots concerned will be restored and new ones planted. These hedgerows will serve primarily to preserve the surrounding biodiversity. Indeed, the protection of biodiversity, both on sites protected for their ecological interest and on agricultural plots, is a major issue in this department. The project therefore involves planting a variety of deciduous species. This will help restore ecological corridors, which link the various natural habitats of local species, and thus contribute to the preservation of biodiversity. In addition, these hedges, located in a peri-urban area, will have an educational benefit, as they will raise awareness among local residents of the ecological value of hedges. The project includes the planting of 3,000 trees, which will ultimately store carbon and help combat climate change.

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Olivier d'Europe

Avocatier

Citronnier

Oranger

Caroubier

Cerisier

Pêcher

Palmier-dattier

Grenadier

Cognassier

Amandier

Abricotier

Mandarinier

Néflier

Créer de véritables forêts nourricières afin de favoriser le développement de filières économiques: par l’intermédiaire de coopératives locales: grâce à la culture de fruits biologiques.- Sensibilisation des populations locales à la préservation des arbres et aux bénéfices qu'ils peuvent apporter à l'agriculture - Productions d'aliments biologiques - Protection de cultures vivrières - Formation des populations locales à l'agroécologie

NO_POVERTY

ZERO_HUNGER

GOOD_HEALTH_AND_WELL_BEING

DECENT_WORK_AND_ECONOMIC_GROWTH

SUSTAINABLE_CITIES_AND_COMMUNITIES

RESPONSIBLE_CONSUMPTION_AND_PRODUCTION

CLIMATE_ACTION

LIFE_ON_LAND

PARTNERSHIP_FOR_THE_GOALS

Supports human well-being, by providing resources, income, education, empowerment, and supporting culture and spirituality.

In rural areas of Morocco, the challenges of economic development go hand in hand with the implementation of collective, sustainable agricultural solutions. Permaculture and agroforestry are virtuous practices that provide a real boost to self-sufficiency, food security and the incomes of local communities. They create a nourishing forest and combat desertification.

In rural areas of Morocco, Reforest'Action is developing agroforestry projects in villages throughout the country, thanks to its local partner Ibn Al Baytar. The aim is to support economic development and the implementation of collective, sustainable agricultural solutions. In addition to developing agroforestry and organic production among farmers, the project also has an educational aim, with the emphasis on raising awareness of the benefits of trees among local populations.

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Merisier

Tilleul

Châtaignier

Alisier torminal

Situé au cœur du Parc Naturel du Gatinais, ce vaste massif forestier est composé de feuillus, notamment de chênes en taillie ou taillie sous futaie. Malheureusement, les peuplements présents sur les 3 parcelles concernées sont relativement pauvres en raison d’une gestion inappropriée, de la présence d’une population excédentaire de gibier et d’une gestion forestière dépassée (basée sur des rotations de coupes à blanc par blocs). L’objectif aujourd’hui est de modifier le mode de gestion du massif et de rétablir l’équilibre et la diversité du peuplement. Le projet prévoit donc de conserver les semenciers présents, de conduire des dépressages et dégagements des semis et d’enrichir le peuplement d’essences diverses indigènes pour accélerer la régénération des peuplements. Cette démarche permettra d’enrichir les services écosystémiques du massif mais également d’augmenter sa capacité de production de bois.

Located in the heart of the Gatinais Nature Park, this vast forest is made up of deciduous trees, in particular coppiced oak. Unfortunately, the stands on the 3 parcels concerned are relatively poor due to inappropriate management, the presence of an excess game population and outdated forest management (based on block clear-cutting rotations). The aim today is to change the way the massif is managed and restore the balance and diversity of the stand. The project therefore involves conserving existing seed trees, carrying out depressurization and seedling removal, and enriching the stand with a variety of native species to accelerate regeneration. This approach will not only enrich the ecosystem services of the massif, but also increase its wood production capacity.

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Érable sycomore

Hêtre commun

Douglas

Mélèze d'Europe

Dans la municipalité de Dahnen, située dans le land de Rhénanie-Palatinat en Allemagne, la parcelle forestière concernée doit faire l’objet d’un reboisement. En effet, l’ancien peuplement monospécifique composé d’épicéas, a été victime d’une invasion de scolytes. Ces insectes xylophages qui fait dépérir les arbres pouvant causer à terme le dépérissement des spécimens touchés. Pour remédier à cette situation et redynamiser le peuplement, la plantation d’essences feuillues indigènes, adaptées au climat de la station, doivent être plantées. Une diversification des essences qui augmentera la résilience du massif face à d’éventuels aléas climatiques ou biologiques. Sur le long terme, la reconstitution de ce peuplement permettra à la biodiversité de réinvestir le massif ainsi qu’aux arbres de stocker du carbone, luttant ainsi contre le réchauffement climatique. Enfin, les arbres plantés assureront une continuité forestière et participeront à la formation d’un patrimoine forestier résilient.

CLEAN_WATER_AND_SANITATION

In the municipality of Dahnen, in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, the forest plot in question is to be reforested. The former monospecific spruce stand had fallen victim to an invasion of bark beetles. These xylophagous insects, which cause trees to wither, can eventually lead to the death of affected specimens. To remedy this situation and revitalize the stand, native deciduous species adapted to the site's climate need to be planted. This diversification of species will increase the massif's resilience in the face of possible climatic or biological hazards. In the long term, the reconstitution of this stand will enable biodiversity to return to the massif, and the trees to store carbon, thereby combating global warming. Finally, the trees planted will ensure forest continuity and contribute to the creation of a resilient forest heritage.

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Epicéa commun

Ce projet est situé dans la région Wallonne en Belgique. Plus précisément dans la ville de Florenville. Sur cette ancienne monoculture, 90 % du peuplement a été détruit par le scolyte. Malheureusement, ce phénomène n’est pas rare au sein des cultures monospécifiques qui peinent à se défendre contre les attaques d’insectes. Pour restaurer et fortifier le peuplement, des essences diverses ont été plantées après récolte des arbres scolytés. Un mélange de résineux et de feuillus a été sélectionné pour redonner vie à un massif mélangé, résilient, capable de se défendre contre les aléas naturels. Cette démarche a ainsi permis de reconstituer le couvert forestier sur la zone et de fournir des habitats à la biodiversité locale. Sur la durée, les arbres participeront à la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique en stockant du carbone.

This project is located in the Walloon region of Belgium, more precisely in the town of Florenville. In this former monoculture, 90% of the stand was destroyed by the bark beetle. Unfortunately, this phenomenon is not uncommon in monospecific crops, which have difficulty defending themselves against insect attack. To restore and strengthen the stand, a variety of tree species were planted after the trees attacked by the pests had been harvested. A mix of coniferous and deciduous trees was selected to give new life to a mixed, resilient forest capable of defending itself against natural hazards. In this way, the forest cover was restored to the area, providing habitats for local biodiversity. In the long term, the trees will help combat global warming by storing carbon.

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Sorbier des oiseleurs

Aubépine petites feuilles

Bouleau commun

Les parcelles concernées sont situées sur une colline, sur la frontière nord du Parc National des North York Moors, tout près de la petite ville de Great Ayton. La colline, du Yorkshire et du Nord-Est de l’Angleterre, est un élément du paysage apprécié des riverains et des randonneurs. Par le passé, le déficit d’entretien de la parcelle visée par le projet a conduit à son dépérissement prématuré. En 2015, des travaux ont été entrepris pour renouveler le peuplement et favoriser la croissance d’une forêt indigène. Des feuillus seront ainsi introduits pour créer un terrain foisonnant, favorable à la biodiversité. Les avantages du projet seront multiples. Ainsi diversifié, le massif sera plus à même de résister aux aléas climatiques comme biologiques. Les arbres plantés contribueront à leur tour à stocker du carbone et ainsi à freiner le réchauffement climatique. La mise en œuvre de ce projet participera à la continuité et à la préservation du couvert forestier sur cette zone. 

The plots in question are located on a hill on the northern boundary of the North York Moors National Park, close to the small town of Great Ayton. The hill, part of Yorkshire and North-East England, is a popular landscape feature for local residents and walkers. In the past, the lack of maintenance of the plot in question has led to its premature decline. In 2015, work was undertaken to renew the stand and encourage the growth of a native forest. Deciduous trees will be introduced to create a lush, biodiversity-friendly landscape. The benefits of this project will be manifold. Diversified in this way, the forest will be better able to withstand climatic and biological hazards. The trees planted will in turn help to store carbon and thus slow down global warming. The implementation of this project will contribute to the continuity and preservation of the forest cover in this area.

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Érable plane

Au nord du Luxembourg, cette parcelle forestière de 3,46 hectares a été victime d’une attaque de scolytes. À l’origine, le massif était monospécifique. C’est ce qui explique l’invasion d’insectes dont a été victime cette forêt Luxembourgeoise, ce type de peuplement résistant souvent mal aux attaques biologiques comme aux aléas climatiques. Les scolytes sont des insectes xylophages qui provoque le dépérissement des spécimens touchés. À Knaphoscheid, les scolytes ont causé de nombreux dégâts. Pour cette raison, le projet prévoit de reboiser le massif grâce à diverses essences de feuillus locaux et quelques résineux. Cette initiative favorisera la présence d’une biodiversité variée au sein de la parcelle. De plus, la démarche rendra la forêt plus résiliente pour faire face à d’éventuelles nouvelles attaques d’insectes. A terme, les arbres assureront une continuité forestière sur la zone et participeront à la formation d’un patrimoine forestier résilient.

In the north of Luxembourg, this 3.46-hectare forest plot fell victim to bark beetle attack. Originally, the forest was monospecific. This explains why the Luxembourg forest was invaded by bark beetles, as this type of stand is often poorly resistant to biological attacks and climatic hazards. Bark beetles are xylophagous insects which cause affected specimens to die back. In Knaphoscheid, bark beetles have caused extensive damage. For this reason, the project plans to reforest the massif with a variety of local deciduous species and a few conifers. This initiative will promote the presence of a varied biodiversity within the plot. It will also make the forest more resilient to future insect attacks. Ultimately, the trees will ensure forest continuity in the area and contribute to the creation of a resilient forest heritage.

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