**Located in the heart of the Millevaches Regional Nature Park in Corrèze, the [Peyrelevade](https://www.reforestaction.com/en/projects/2720) project aims to reconstitute a diversified forest while respecting the natural growth and renewal processes of forests. Reforest'Action chose the [Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR)](https://www.reforestaction.com/en/magazine/anr-expertise-thibaud-poulain) method to enhance 14,700 trees within this natural conservation site, which is part of the Natura 2000 protected areas network. Sasha Pinot, project manager for France at Reforest'Action, provides insight into why this method was chosen, its advantages, and the expected benefits of implementing the project within the framework of climate change adaptation.**

![Banniere-itw-Sasha.jpg](/uploads/Banniere_itw_Sasha_099983b1d2.jpg)

### What does the Peyrelevade project, in the Limousin region, involve?

_Sasha Pinot :_ This natural regeneration project aims to revive a diverse forest ecosystem while meticulously honoring the natural processes of growth and renewal. Today, 14,700 trees of diverse species including Douglas fir, larch, spruce, fir, and oak are being nurtured through meticulous care and effort. Ultimately, this forest in the making will contribute to local economic development, supporting the timber industry. Restoring this degraded ecosystem will help preserve the forest atmosphere and its picturesque landscape. Home to a rich biodiversity, this forest will also contribute to carbon storage and play a role in combating climate change. Located in the heart of the Millevaches Regional Nature Park in Corrèze, Limousin, this natural site holds a special place within the Natura 2000 network, a European initiative dedicated to conserving habitats and species of importance.
 
### What history does this forest have?

_Sasha Pinot :_ Both plots have been planted with Douglas fir, spruce, and Scots pine for the past 35 years. They intended to undergo clear-cutting in the years to come, to harvest the wood produced, and then to be replanted following the same intensive pattern. Clear-cutting involves abruptly opening up an area, resulting in the long-term destruction of many natural habitats essential to certain species. In most cases, it also involves the use of heavy machinery, which destroys soil life by compacting and plowing large areas. 

![Peyrelevade-1.jpg](/uploads/Peyrelevade_1_d8761206cf.jpg)
 
### How is the implementation of an ANR project necessary to restore it?

_Sasha Pinot :_ One of the primary objectives of this project is to halt the forest degradation caused by strict and simplified forest management practices. By embracing a gentler approach, such as Assisted Natural Regeneration, landowners choose not to disrupt the forest's delicate balance. To achieve this, they observe natural processes and only intervene when necessary, in specific areas. Movement within the plots is restricted to designated paths to prevent unnecessary soil compaction. This method not only allows natural cycles to unfold but also enables the silviculturist to reduce their workload, as much of the forest's maintenance is carried out naturally.  
 
### How were the species chosen for the project?

_Sasha Pinot :_ The project promotes a variety of tree species, such as Douglas fir, larch, spruce, fir, and oak, each serving multiple functions. These species are selected from both hardwood and softwood groups and are chosen for their excellent adaptation to the site conditions. Intending to achieve 80% natural regeneration, the project also fosters the growth of other species already present in the soil through their existing seeds.
 
### What's the difference between the ANR method and conventional silviculture?

_Sasha Pinot :_ Today, French forests confront numerous threats, notably those stemming from climate change. In response to these challenges and as a departure from conventional silviculture practices, the proprietors of the Peyrelevade plots have opted to transition towards Assisted Natural Regeneration.

The main distinction between intensive forestry and Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR) resides in ecological succession. In a natural forest, the process begins with the germination of a select few trees. As the canopy matures and closes, conditions of shade and humidity become conducive to the development of more delicate forest species in the understorey. This understorey strengthens the ecosystem's structure, facilitating the establishment of plants over the long term until they reach maturity. Occasional disturbances, such as storms or natural die-offs, then stimulate the vitality of the ecosystem. A natural forest represents a mosaic of these stages, amalgamating diverse functional groups that mutually support one another.

In contrast, within intensively managed forests, vulnerable trees are typically planted on bare ground, thereby exposing them to various risks such as drought, flooding, and wildlife damage. Often comprised of only one or two species, these forests exhibit a simplistic environmental structure characterized by a singular stratum. Upon reaching maturity, all trees are harvested, necessitating a complete restart of the cycle. Such artificial forests lack resilience to disturbances and significantly curtail the environment's capacity for natural evolution.
However, it is imperative to enhance the resilience of our forests to ensure the continuity of their ecosystem services. Through the decision to honor the natural cycle of their forest and embrace ANR management, the proprietors of this project significantly enhanced their forest's capacity to withstand diverse threats.
 
### How will the forest, restored through Assisted Natural Regeneration (RNA), be more resilient in the face of climate change?

_Sasha Pinot :_ This will be the case on five levels:
- The enhancement of ecosystem stability is notable. Without the disruptive effects of clear-cutting, natural forests maintain a consistent vegetation cover, yielding numerous benefits. Minimal fluctuations in humidity and temperature prevail, as the soil remains shielded from direct sunlight and air currents. The intricate structure of the ecosystem endures, serving as a habitat for a myriad of species, each fulfilling its unique role. The absence of habitat destruction fosters the proliferation of diverse life forms. 
- Trees derive added benefits from supplementary resources. Depending on the species, roots extract water from various depths. The diversity of these root systems enables the exploration of a broad spectrum of water sources, crucial during periods of escalating drought. Moreover, this subterranean complexity contributes to soil structuring, mitigating erosion.  
- The diversity of tree species aids in regulating pests and diseases, which are primary contributors to forest degradation. Predominantly, these issues arise in stands with limited species diversity, as they lack natural predators. In a diversified forest, all species—including animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms—compete, thus restoring equilibrium between predators and prey.
- Game damage will be minimized. Trees grown from natural seedlings are considerably less appealing to wildlife than those raised in nurseries.  
- In the long term, the forest will yield greater profitability. A diverse array of tree species ensures a harvest, even in the event of disease affecting one species. Additionally, the fertility of the environment is sustained through a dynamic cycle of organic matter, with minimal impact on the soil.

### Why talk about sustainable forest management when it comes to ANR?

_Sasha Pinot :_ By choosing Assisted Natural Regeneration, landowners cultivate high-quality wood while preserving a diverse and thriving biodiversity within the ecosystem. 

Living, productive forests naturally form across the globe, independently of human intervention. Nature provides the necessary seedlings and optimal conditions for their growth, while the diverse flora and fauna maintain a delicate balance against diseases and pests. In the natural cycle, when a tree reaches the end of its life, it falls, creating space for new growth. Young trees from natural regeneration take advantage of these openings, thriving until the canopy is restored. The Assisted Natural Regeneration (RNA) method respects these intrinsic natural principles while favoring the growth of the most beneficial trees.

The species present in the Peyrelevade stand have organically developed. A significant portion of them is local, with genetics finely attuned to the specific conditions of the region. Over time, the stand undergoes natural evolution, favoring only the most competitive and adaptive species.

Numerous instances in the region showcase owners aligning their management practices with natural processes. Situated at the heart of the Millevaches Regional Nature Park, the Peyrelevade project actively contributes to this network, gradually restoring the French forest to its historical state. Its PEFC certification serves as additional confirmation of its commitment to sustainable management, reflecting a comprehensive understanding of the forest's multifunctional role. The PEFC label assures the stringent adherence to precise regulations by all forest stakeholders, including owners, operators, and forestry contractors.

To obtain the PEFC label, various commitments must be upheld, including promoting a diverse array of tree species, abstaining from fertilizer use, safeguarding soil integrity, preserving local fauna and flora, and maintaining dead trees, essential for biodiversity promotion.
 
### How does RNA contribute to sustainable wood production? 

_Sasha Pinot :_ The overarching goal of the Peyrelevade project is to establish a diversified, multifunctional, and resilient forest, while simultaneously benefiting the local economy. 

Unlike conventional silviculture, timber is not harvested from a large area in a single block. The forest's intricate structure calls for more regular, localized harvesting. For instance, rather than harvesting an entire parcel every 80 years, the silviculturist opts to selectively remove only the finest trees every 5 years. Despite the differing approaches, the financial returns remain nearly identical. However, under Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR) management, the silviculturist benefits from more consistent income.

Implementing this method requires the expertise of skilled tradespeople, and sizable trees must be transported to specialized, smaller sawmills tailored for such operations. These ANR conversion initiatives not only create employment opportunities but also inspire younger generations to acquire and revive traditional knowledge. 

Moreover, Corrèze, being a heavily forested region with ample rainfall and a temperate climate, provides an ideal environment for forest development. Given these favorable conditions, the wood yielded by the Peyrelevade project will be of exceptional quality, thereby benefiting the entire local industry, including forest managers, loggers, and sawmill operators. 
 
### Une gestion forestière en RNA permet-elle de séquestrer autant de carbone qu’une gestion classique ?

_Sasha Pinot :_ The Peyrelevade project stands out notably for its carbon sequestration capabilities. Similar to conventional plantations, the trees continuously sequester carbon throughout their lifespan. This carbon is responsibly stored when the wood is utilized in construction or furniture. Additionally, the ANR method offers an added advantage over traditional silvicultural practices: the preservation of soil carbon. Unlike forests that export their entire production, this type of forest allows for the unimpeded growth of undergrowth and retention of deadwood. As this organic matter decomposes, the carbon it contains remains within the soil, preventing its release into the atmosphere, a common occurrence after clear-cutting and plowing.

It should be noted, however, that while carbon storage is a good indicator for studying climate change, it cannot be used to judge the quality of a forest. For instance, an intensive Douglas-fir monoculture will sequester more carbon on the same surface area than a diversified forest. Yet it is not sustainable, and its ecological value and resilience are much lower.
 
![Peyrelevade-2.jpg](/uploads/Peyrelevade_2_100b04280f.jpg)
 

**As Assisted Natural Regeneration harnesses existing resources to preserve and fortify forest heritage, fostering long-term diversity and resilience, it emerges as particularly pertinent in the face of climate change. However, for ANR initiatives to materialize, funding is essential, notably from companies eager to contribute to forest restoration. Swiss Life Asset Managers exemplifies this commitment by supporting the Peyrelevade project showcased in this article. Across France, Reforest'Action is spearheading ecosystem regeneration endeavors rooted in the Assisted Natural Regeneration method, thanks to funding from dedicated corporate partners.**


large_Header-itw-SPI.jpg

medium_Header-itw-SPI.jpg

small_Header-itw-SPI.jpg

thumbnail_Header-itw-SPI.jpg

Header-itw-SPI.jpg

"Assisted Natural Regeneration allows forests to be more resilient in the face of climate change": an interview with Sasha Pinot

**While there is no fixed definition of regenerative agriculture, its goal is to enhance the ability of agricultural ecosystems to renew themselves—in other words, to help them thrive again. Within corporate value chains, Reforest'Action's regenerative agriculture projects address environmental, social, and economic challenges. These challenges are deeply interconnected: drought, flooding, extreme heat, soil salinization, fluctuating markets, and seed availability all threaten crop sustainability, putting the entire supply chain at risk. Our interventions aim to build long-term ecosystem resilience while maintaining the economic viability of our activities. “The idea behind a regenerative agriculture project is to create a balanced and sustainable model that generates alternative and complementary income while preserving the integrity of the agroecosystem,” explains Jean-Christophe, Project Manager at Reforest'Action. Reforest'Action's approach supports the continuation of existing agricultural production, the development of new crops within the same area, as well as the generation of positive environmental and social impacts. Achieving these outcomes requires the right approach.**

Designing a regenerative agriculture project is a complex process with many variables. The goal is to identify ways to optimize the natural dynamics of the ecosystem. The feasibility of this optimization is evaluated during the planning and experimentation phases, which take place before field implementation and ensure the project's long-term sustainability. For Jean-Christophe, who is responsible for designing and implementing regenerative agriculture projects in tropical regions, the key is aligning the practical experience of farmers with the scientific framework: "Although our assessments, studies, and forecasts are grounded in scientific data and methods, the goal is to develop proposals tailored to the local context and approved by those most affected—the farmers. Without their full commitment, no transition is possible." This behind-the-scenes work follows a pragmatic approach, rooted in local realities and focused on delivering measurable benefits. 

## Understanding the Local Context: A Science-Based Approach

The main steps in designing a regenerative agriculture project are often grouped into what's known as the "feasibility study," a crucial first milestone. From a scientific perspective, this study assesses the project's overall viability and evaluates potential solutions. It covers key elements such as the goals to be achieved, potential challenges, an analysis of the farm and its environment, hypotheses to be tested, proposed actions, and the metrics for tracking progress. The feasibility study is summarized in a report that presents both the results of preliminary assessments and recommendations for possible solutions. However, behind this report lies a significant amount of groundwork, closely tied to the field and involving all stakeholders. “The feasibility study is about understanding the overall dynamics of the area to create a solid implementation plan,” explains Jean-Christophe. The success of a project is much more likely, and the positive impacts are maximized when a feasibility study is carried out early in the process. 

![EN_designing stages.jpg](https://backoffice.reforestaction.com/uploads/EN_designing_stages_fcea34f256.jpg)
An infographic outlining the steps involved in designing a regenerative agriculture project, as summarized in the feasibility study.

### Assessment of Key Factors

Once the project’s objectives are established, a detailed analysis of the local context is essential. Understanding how agricultural production operates, considering its environmental, social, and economic aspects, is a crucial step in project design. This helps us identify strengths and opportunities, as well as weaknesses and potential threats that need to be addressed. The first section of the feasibility study focuses on various assessments, or audits, grounded in scientific methodology. The specific factors examined depend on the project’s goals, but they typically include the following:

**1. Farm Assessment:** The project must be integrated into an existing production system. This is why farming practices, technical processes, and any transformation activities are assessed. The goal is to evaluate the farm's current sustainability and conservation levels, its capacity for adaptation, and any potential risks associated with changes in practices. 

**2. Ecosystem Assessment:** By analyzing various aspects of the project area, we can gain an understanding of the socio-ecological dynamics that shape the environment in which the farm operates. This assessment focuses on the key pillars of a regenerative project: water, soil, biodiversity, and socio-economic factors. The results of these analyses help identify past and potential future climatic changes, characterize available resources, and pinpoint priority areas for restoration.
  
**3. Value Chain Assessment:** Reforest'Action works within companies' value chains, specifically focusing on the sourcing of raw materials for regenerative agriculture projects. This assessment involves conducting a market study of the agricultural production in the relevant region or country to highlight the economic potential of the project. The purpose is to guide the development of alternative, regenerative value chains that align market needs with production goals, ultimately fostering sustainable incomes and better conservation of natural resources.

These analyses can be conducted either in the field during short trips, sometimes referred to as audits, or remotely through a literature review. In both cases, strong collaboration among the various stakeholders is essential. This involves sharing knowledge between the agricultural supplier and Reforest'Action, the project developer. Time is also an important factor in these diagnostics. As Jean-Christophe notes, the goal of this preparatory phase is "to understand past dynamics to predict their evolution five, ten, or even twenty years into the future, over the lifespan of the project." Following a scientific methodology, establishing a baseline helps narrow down the regenerative models to be developed in the feasibility study, focusing on those best suited to the environment and current farming practices.

#### Perfume Flower Cultivation in Northwest Morocco

In Khémisset, northern Morocco, Reforest'Action is developing a regenerative agriculture project in partnership with a Parisian perfume house and its supplier of essential plant oils. In the face of growing climate challenges, the project's primary goal was to explore sustainable practices for cultivating perfume flowers.

![Tractor trailer loaded with tagete at distillation unit-Loïsa-Morocco-9_10_23.jpg](/uploads/Tractor_trailer_loaded_with_tagete_at_distillation_unit_Loisa_Morocco_9_10_23_1f60bb1199.jpg)
Perfume flower distillation unit, Morocco
![Essential oil Biolandes-Loïsa-Morocco-10_10_23.jpg](/uploads/Essential_oil_Biolandes_Loisa_Morocco_10_10_23_98621cab1b.jpg)
Essential oil extracted from perfume flowers after distillation, Morocco

The first step was to assess the farm's operations, identifying areas for improvement. We analyzed each stage of the flower-growing process for our client’s perfumes, including fertilization, seed preparation, and the technical steps involved (sowing, transplanting, hoeing, irrigation, and harvesting). Next, we reviewed the value chain for essential oil production, looking at distillation techniques (steam and solvent), energy needs, and the potential use of residual biomass*. Finally, an analysis of the ecosystem and local climate helped us evaluate how water scarcity impacts perfume flower production. Water stress in the region, largely due to a significant drop in rainfall, has directly affected water availability on-site, which in turn impacts irrigation. For example, the choice of species for agroforestry is based on this critical assessment, as only drought-resistant species will survive such conditions. As Jean-Christophe notes, the key challenge of this diagnostic phase is clear, though complex: “Here, the project is primarily about selecting plant species suited to the severely limited water resources, within the framework of essential oil production.” 

_*Biomass refers to organic plant or animal material that can be used as an energy source or soil enhancer. In this case, the plant residues left after distillation serve as a valuable source of biomass._

![Dead tree because of drought-Loïsa-Morocco-9_10_23-2.jpg](/uploads/Dead_tree_because_of_drought_Loisa_Morocco_9_10_23_2_13a9c0706e.jpg)
Uprooted trees on parched ground after an extended drought, Morocco
![Biolandes worker on tractor in tagete field-Loïsa-Morocco-9_10_23-2.jpg](/uploads/Biolandes_worker_on_tractor_in_tagete_field_Loisa_Morocco_9_10_23_2_50d9fb77f3.jpg)
Harvesting perfume flowers on a farm in Morocco

## Validating Hypotheses: An Experimental Approach

Regenerative agriculture aims to both restore agricultural ecosystems and sustain economically viable yields. This holistic approach relies on experimentation and encourages learning and adaptation as key drivers of change.  

### Identifying Strategies to Be Tested in a Pilot Phase

After the findings, we move on to potential solutions. What strategies are Reforest'Action and the agricultural partner considering addressing the challenges identified, while aligning with the local context? The second part of the feasibility study focuses on identifying practical regenerative processes that could be implemented on-site, forming the foundation of the project design. These strategies are outlined as follows: 
 
**1. Hypotheses:** Following a scientific approach, we start by developing a set of hypotheses aimed at identifying causal links—essentially, how the potential solutions could lead to positive outcomes. These hypotheses are then turned into scenarios, which are tested through field experiments during the initial "pilot phase." 
 
**2. Developing Scenarios (Levers):** Next, we create a variety of scenarios using different agroecological techniques. These are tested to see which best supports the earlier hypotheses. The aim is to identify the most effective strategies, chosen for both their environmental benefits (ecosystem resilience, climate change adaptation) and their agronomic and socio-economic advantages (higher yields, product diversity, reduced inputs, increased income), ranging from the plot level to the landscape scale. Local stakeholders are involved to ensure their needs and priorities are factored into the decision-making process.    

**3. Monitoring Indicators:** Each selected strategy is then tied to specific performance indicators that will measure its impact. While environmental strategies often provide quantitative data, others, like improvements in community or farmer well-being, may require more qualitative assessment. 
 
**4. Pilot Phase:** The project starts with an experimental phase, which can last several years depending on the project. During this time, the chosen scenarios are tested on a small scale to determine if they are feasible and scalable before rolling them out on a larger scale. This phase is critical for fine-tuning solutions, determining actual costs, timelines, and evaluating the skill levels of project partners. In some cases, the feasibility study and the pilot phase happen simultaneously. This stage also helps expand our understanding of the region and its dynamics through hands-on experience. Success in the pilot phase is tracked using key indicators, which provide the foundation for measuring the project's long-term impact.

In practical terms, there are a variety of agroecological strategies that can be applied in a regenerative agriculture project. Reforest'Action helps its clients optimize their value chains by focusing on living systems, offering customized recommendations. We provide a wide range of techniques, including agroforestry within plots, planting tree and shrub borders, creating woodland islands, soil conservation practices, and using biochar.
At its core, regenerative agriculture places a strong emphasis on soil restoration—a critical priority as 90% of the world’s soils are projected to be degraded by 2050.* Reforest'Action also aims to implement strategies at the landscape level, beyond the production system itself. For instance, restoring nearby forests to connect farms with continuous ecological corridors can lead to significant improvements in both production quality and the livelihoods of the communities that rely on it.

_*FAO, Saving our Soils by all earthly ways possible, Highlighting some key achievements of the FAO-led Global Soil Partnership, Case Studies, 2022._

#### Organic Cotton Production in Eastern India

The production of synthetic fibers and fabrics is one of the world’s most polluting industries, negatively impacting both human health and the environment. For farmers, growing natural fibers like cotton in a sustainable and economically viable way remains a challenge. Since 2020, Kiabi has been committed to supporting forests, driven by the desire to make a difference where its business has the greatest impact. Wanting to take this commitment even further, the company recently turned to Reforest'Action for expertise, specifically within its cotton production chain in India. India is the world’s leading producer of organic cotton, and the project is being implemented with several of Kiabi's indirect suppliers, including the Pratima Organic Growers group, which represents over 9,000 cotton farmers and 10,000 hectares of organic or transitioning farms. In partnership with the growers' cooperative, the project has four main goals: to improve the economic viability of cotton farming, empower the farmers, promote ecological sustainability, and restore the ecological corridors that shape the landscape. 

Launched in March 2022, this regenerative agriculture project in the central Indian states of Odisha and Madhya Pradesh entered a pilot phase in 2023, with the full feasibility study completed by Reforest'Action in 2024. Jean-Christophe explains: "This project in India perfectly illustrates the core goal of regenerative agriculture: building resilience in production systems in the face of climate change. It requires adapting to new scenarios projected through science and the work of the IPCC." 

![Champ coton Odisha.jpg](/uploads/Champ_coton_Odisha_1ee60c9dd4.jpg)
Cotton field, Odisha state, India
![Coton Odisha 23.jpg](/uploads/Coton_Odisha_23_9acd9fc69c.jpg)
Harvested cotton fiber, Odisha state, India 

**Assessment:** The climate assessment of the region revealed longer drought periods, higher temperatures, a shorter monsoon season, and more intense rainfall. As a result, the area, located in the Tel River watershed, is facing water shortages that are affecting cotton crop irrigation. Other environmental challenges in the region include biodiversity loss, largely due to the clearing of the surrounding Tikhari forest reserve for agricultural purposes. The farmland involved in the project is organically certified, which provides a production framework with recommended practices, guidance on crop varieties, and farmer training. On a socio-economic level, farmers—most of whom rely on the cotton market for their livelihood—are struggling with worsening climate conditions that increase their vulnerability. Additionally, local communities face poor sanitary conditions, leading to a rise in serious diseases like malaria. Plastic pollution in the villages is also degrading the quality of drinking water and posing a threat to agricultural land.

**Hypotheses and Strategies Considered:** Agroforestry is already familiar to farmers in the region and offers a promising way to diversify crops, restore biodiversity, improve water infiltration in sandy and rocky soils, boost alternative income for farmers, and improve livelihoods in a reasonable timeframe. To support organic cotton cultivation, fruit and timber trees will be planted alongside the crops. The pilot phase, which started in June 2023, involves setting up agroforestry plantations in a test area. By 2024, additional strategies focused on soil conservation will be put in place. The project also includes a socio-economic element, providing farmer training and support with market access. Plans to improve hygiene in the surrounding villages are also part of this phase.

![Coopérative coton Odisha.jpeg](/uploads/Cooperative_coton_Odisha_ed5de73484.jpeg)
Cotton growers' cooperative, Odisha state, India

**In conclusion, a regenerative agriculture project extends beyond just field implementation. The diagnostic and experimental phases, which shape the project's final design, follow a scientific approach that is as thorough, inclusive, and rigorous as possible. To ensure the success of this approach, Reforest'Action has developed in-house expertise and works with respected global partners in sustainable agriculture.
Are you interested in developing regenerative agriculture within your value chain and positively impacting soil health, climate, biodiversity, and society? Learn more about how we can help, with over a decade of experience in agroforestry.**

large_Header.jpg

medium_Header.jpg

small_Header.jpg

thumbnail_Header.jpg

Header.jpg

Core elements of designing a regenerative agriculture project

**In the heart of Mount Kenya National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site since 1997, the third season of the project developed by Reforest'Action, and supported by Maison Hennessy for the past two years, was completed at the end of 2022. Hennessy has been a partner of Reforest'Action since 2020, funding numerous local initiatives over the long term. Through its multidimensional scope, this project aimed at restoring forest and agricultural ecosystems in Kenya is a concrete illustration of our shared regenerative, impact-oriented approach. Thanks to two waves of planting, in spring and autumn, the year 2022 made it possible to plant 250,000 trees on 500 hectares of land divided between the project's various activities.** 

![Kenya1.jpeg](/uploads/Kenya1_2dc4dd7b3e.jpeg)

In recent years, drought has hit East Africa particularly hard, including Kenya: rainfall has been below average for five consecutive rainy seasons. By January 2023, it was estimated that more than 20 million people were facing acute food insecurity in the region, mainly as a result of drought*. In this rapidly changing socio-climatic context, the project led by the local association Trees for Kenya focuses on restoring Mount Kenya's natural ecosystem and improving the food security of the people who live in this area. 

*World Meteorological Organization (WMO), _State of the Global Climate report,_ 2022.

## The project's objectives: a three-fold approach

The plots targeted by the project's third season are located in three counties in eastern Kenya: Kirinyaga, Embu and Tharaka Nithi. The typology of ecosystems covered and the actions implemented vary according to altitude, rainfall regime and soil quality. In the highlands, the project is helping to restore the forest of [Mount Kenya National Park,](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/800/) which is essential to the proper functioning of the water cycle. Downstream, in the middle and lowlands cultivated with tea and coffee plantations, the creation of agroforestry garden forests aims to support the socio-economic development of farming communities. In addition to forestry work, the project also raises awareness among farming communities about the many benefits of planting trees on their land. Thirdly, by distributing trees to schools in the area, the project includes an educational dimension designed to involve the younger generation. Let's take a look at the progress made by this multi-faceted project. 

![Kenya0 Project Map.jpg](/uploads/Kenya0_Project_Map_e3075b3aaf.jpg)

## Mount Kenya forest restoration: promoting the regeneration of a crucial ecosystem

The first part of the project involves reforesting 60 hectares of degraded forest land which, although protected, is unable to regenerate on its own. More than 300,000 people - including members of the Masai and Kikuyu ethnic groups - depend on the Mount Kenya forest for their daily livelihoods: it provides them with water, fruits, and medicinal plants. As a result of deforestation for agriculture and charcoal production, the drastic reduction in the region's forest cover has led to a change in local weather patterns, with rainfall becoming more irregular and scarcer, causing the rivers originating from Mount Kenya to dry up and no longer flow sufficiently to irrigate crops.

### Achievements: 65,000 trees planted in the Njukiini forest

In 2022, the project enabled the creation of three conservation sites in the Njukiini forest. The latter lies at the foot of Mount Kenya, between a dried-out wetland and a forest managed by the Kenya Forest Service for commercial purposes. The selected sites are made up of a few scattered trees and therefore have regeneration potential. Work began with the clearing of Lantana Camara, an invasive shrub species that was preventing native vegetation from developing and drawing on the water table, followed by the planting of a diverse range of native species, including Prunus Africana and Podocarpus. A total of 65,000 trees were planted, with the aim of restoring the degraded forest and initiating its future regeneration.  

The forestry work was carried out by the Community Conservation Association (CFA), a group of 50 casual workers from local communities, mostly young people and about half of them being women. More broadly, local people are involved in all restoration processes: they participate in the production of seedlings in twelve community nurseries set up as part of the project, as well as in soil preparation through the removal of brush and invasive species, and in the long-term maintenance of the planted trees. 

![Kenya3©TonyTei-2022.jpg](/uploads/Kenya3_Tony_Tei_2022_67e0e9487e.jpg)

![Kenya6©TonyTei-2022.jpg](/uploads/Kenya6_Tony_Tei_2022_b1e324f3e1.jpg)

![Kenya4©TonyTei-2022.jpg](/uploads/Kenya4_Tony_Tei_2022_7b0cc11880.jpg)
©TonyTei-2022

**At the end of 2022, Reforest'Action's field audit made it possible to assess the survival rate of the trees planted on the three conservation sites during the previous spring. Despite very limited water resources due to chronic drought, the shade provided by the existing trees and the high moisture level of the forest soil ensured the survival of 74% of the planted trees.**

### Expected impacts: increased water resources and biodiversity

The porosity created by the organic activity of the forest soil will reduce water runoff, encourage its infiltration into the soil and enable groundwater to be recharged. As a cornerstone of the water cycle, the forest will also help regulate the local climate, increasing the frequency of rainfall and, ultimately, the volume of water flowing into the surrounding rivers. In the long term, restored forests will therefore play an important role in the water resources available to the farming population. Let's not forget that 75%* of the world's fresh water for human and environmental needs comes from forest and mountain ecosystems. At the same time, biodiversity will increase as the forest grows, being home to elephants, monkeys, buffalo, and gazelles’ populations.

*FAO, IUFRO and USDA. 2022. _A guide to forest-water management. FAO Forestry Paper_ No. 185. Rome.

## Garden forests: improving food security among farming communities

The second part of the project aims to install agroforestry systems within the tea, coffee, macadamia, maize, bean, sweet potato and banana crops that cover the lower slopes of Mount Kenya. Most farmers in the region own one or two hectares of land at most, and use 75% of it for cash crop production. Almost all households keep livestock or goats on the remaining 25%, on which the family home is also located. While for 98% of them, agriculture is the sole source of income, local farmers are facing sharply reduced crop yields as a result of severe drought.

### Achievements: 165,000 trees planted on 434 farmers' land

In 2022, more than 430 new beneficiaries were given trees. They were recruited by a "leading farmers" team made up of local farmers who act as a link between Trees for Kenya's and the farming communities. Agroforestry species such as calliandra, markhamia and pink cedar were planted as hedges around the crops, meanwhile fruit trees were spread throughout the plots. Fruit trees are particularly valuable to farmers, as they will produce avocados, tree tomatoes, mangoes and oranges. Between January and December 2022, 165,000 trees were planted to create garden forests in the low and midlands of Mount Kenya.

Before each wave of planting, training and awareness-raising sessions were organized for farmers, including demonstrations of how to use the planting and monitoring equipment (spades, secateurs, tape and calipers to measure tree height and diameter, etc.). Beneficiaries were also trained in the manufacturing of plant-based organic fertilizers and pesticides, and made aware of the importance of conserving trees on their plots. 

![Kenya2.jpg](/uploads/Kenya2_1492d3fdbf.jpg)

![Kenya7©TonyTei-2022.jpg](/uploads/Kenya7_Tony_Tei_2022_6658bf7c68.jpg)
©TonyTei-2022

**The survival rate of trees planted in agroforestry in the spring of 2022 was evaluated at 65% by the end-of-year audit. The main challenge here relates to the lack of available water to irrigate the planted trees, causing them to dry out. It should be noted that trees affected by drought are systematically replaced during the next planting. A new field audit will be conducted by the beginning of 2024 in order to monitor the second wave of plantings that took place in autumn 2022.**  
 
During the audit, the testimonies of several beneficiaries were collected. All interviewees seemed now aware of the challenges raised by climate change and the importance of forest ecosystems. They thanked the support provided by the project, without which they would not have had the resources required to plant trees. Some of them revealed that the project not only helped them financially, but also socially, by enabling them to emerge from isolation.

### Expected impacts: strengthened food security for communities

The primary objective of agroforestry development on Mount Kenya is to protect and sustain the crops grown by local populations. Trees will provide shade for understorey plantations while acting as windbreaks, thus combating wind erosion. In addition, trees will have numerous benefits for degraded agricultural soils: they will promote nitrogen fixation and the restitution of organic matter through the creation of litter. It has been proven that farmers implementing agroforestry practices in East Africa have seen their yields increase by 100% compared to farmers using non-regenerative practices*. In the longer term, the return of rivers and rainfall, made possible by the restoration of Mount Kenya's forests, will facilitate crop irrigation and fertility.

From an economic point of view, the planted trees will be a source of fodder for livestock, of natural fertilizer for crops and of firewood for the local population. Through their sustainable management, they will thus prevent the harvesting of trees in the still intact primary forest. Furthermore, the fruit trees will help to boost the local population's livelihoods and to generate additional income through the sale of the fruits. Tea and coffee produced in shaded agroforestry systems, considered to be of better quality, will open the way to a new and more marketable value chain. Finally, awareness-raising sessions for farmers help prevent future deforestation while promoting the need to include and preserve trees as an integral component of their agriculture.

*Africa Regenerative Agriculture Study Group, _Regenerative Agriculture: An opportunity for businesses and society to restore degraded land in Africa,_ 2021.

![Kenya8©TonyTei-2022.jpg](/uploads/Kenya8_Tony_Tei_2022_89038ba919.jpg)
©TonyTei-2022

Through its [Forest Destination program,](https://www.reforestaction.com/en/magazine/hennessy-forest-destination) Maison Hennessy is committed to promoting the regeneration of 50,000 hectares of forest in France and around the world by 2030, as a means of protecting biodiversity, enhancing the water cycle and responding to the climate emergency. This holistic project developed on the lands of Mount Kenya bears witness to the strong ambition shared by Reforest'Action and Hennessy: to preserve and restore forest ecosystems on a large scale.

large_Kenya5©TonyTei-2022.jpg

medium_Kenya5©TonyTei-2022.jpg

small_Kenya5©TonyTei-2022.jpg

thumbnail_Kenya5©TonyTei-2022.jpg

Kenya5©TonyTei-2022.jpg

Maison Hennessy's commitment to restoring the land of Mount Kenya: a multi-faceted project

OHM ENERGIE_20231127_4.jpg

Header customers.png

Description customers.jpeg

Encart customers.jpeg

0013X00002kIZNRQA4.png

Ohm Énergie est un fournisseur indépendant d’électricité et de gaz, résolument positionné sur la R&D et l’innovation, afin d‘accompagner ses clients dans la réalisation d’économies d’énergie, tout en participant au développement des énergies renouvelables en France. Fort de plus de 130 000 compteurs, Ohm Énergie a pour objectif de devenir le 1er fournisseur indépendant d’ici 2023 avec 500 000 contrats client.

OHM ENERGIE

Restaurer les écosystèmes terrestres à grande échelle en recréant les meilleures conditions pour leur permettre d’être stable dans la durée dans un contexte climatique et sociétal en pleine transformation.

En savoir plus sur la mission de Reforest'Action

2020-2021_Courances (91) RNA_91 Essonne_France

Projet Regeneration Naturelle Assistee EU_1 0123X000000a0LgQAI_1.jpg

Chêne sessile (rouvre)

Chêne pédonculé

Tilleul

Merisier

Châtaignier

Alisier torminal

Situé au cœur du Parc Naturel du Gatinais, ce vaste massif forestier est composé de feuillus, notamment de chênes en taillie ou taillie sous futaie. Malheureusement, les peuplements présents sur les 3 parcelles concernées sont relativement pauvres en raison d’une gestion inappropriée, de la présence d’une population excédentaire de gibier et d’une gestion forestière dépassée (basée sur des rotations de coupes à blanc par blocs). L’objectif aujourd’hui est de modifier le mode de gestion du massif et de rétablir l’équilibre et la diversité du peuplement. Le projet prévoit donc de conserver les semenciers présents, de conduire des dépressages et dégagements des semis et d’enrichir le peuplement d’essences diverses indigènes pour accélerer la régénération des peuplements. Cette démarche permettra d’enrichir les services écosystémiques du massif mais également d’augmenter sa capacité de production de bois.

Contributes to the mitigation of the greenhouse effect and influences precipitation patterns and the local microclimate.

Preservation of local biodiversity by providing suitable habitats and resources.

Influences the quality and integrity of the soil-water system, and the cycling of water and nutrients.

Supports human well-being, by providing resources, income, education, and supporting recreation and heritage.

Located in the heart of the Gatinais Nature Park, this vast forest is made up of deciduous trees, in particular coppiced oak. Unfortunately, the stands on the 3 parcels concerned are relatively poor due to inappropriate management, the presence of an excess game population and outdated forest management (based on block clear-cutting rotations). The aim today is to change the way the massif is managed and restore the balance and diversity of the stand. The project therefore involves conserving existing seed trees, carrying out depressurization and seedling removal, and enriching the stand with a variety of native species to accelerate regeneration. This approach will not only enrich the ecosystem services of the massif, but also increase its wood production capacity.

2020-2021_Échandelys_63 Puy-de-Dôme_France

Projet de plantation EU_US_2 0123X000000a0LeQAI_2.jpg

2020-2021_Échandelys_63 Puy-de-Dôme_France_2023913_1.jpg

2020-2021_Échandelys_63 Puy-de-Dôme_France_2023913_2.jpg

2020-2021_Échandelys_63 Puy-de-Dôme_France_2023913_3.jpg

2020-2021_Échandelys_63 Puy-de-Dôme_France_2023913_4.jpg

2020-2021_Échandelys_63 Puy-de-Dôme_France_2023913_5.jpg

2020-2021_Échandelys_63 Puy-de-Dôme_France_2023913_6.jpg

2020-2021_Échandelys_63 Puy-de-Dôme_France_2023913_7.jpg

Douglas

Pin laricio (Corse)

Érable sycomore

La parcelle concernée se situe sur un plateau à environ 1000m d’altitude au cœur du Parc naturel régional Livradois-Forez, près du petit village d’Echandelys. Elle hébergeait alors un peuplement à forte proportion de sapins géants (abies grandis) dépérissants, si bien qu’il a été nécessaire d’y effectuer une coupe rase sanitaire. Le projet consiste à reboiser cette parcelle de 1,37 hectare en y plantant un mélange d’essences de feuillus et de résineux. Cette démarche de diversification des essences permet de fortifier la forêt, particulièrement face aux aléas climatiques, et de favoriser la présence de la biodiversité locale sur le plateau. Ce reboisement redonnera également au plateau un aspect paysager plus intéressant, qui ravira les visiteurs. Sur la durée, les arbres du massif participeront à la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique grâce au stockage de carbone. A terme, les arbres assureront une continuité forestière sur la zone.

The parcel in question is located on a plateau at an altitude of around 1000m, in the heart of the Livradois-Forez Regional Nature Park, near the small village of Echandelys. At the time, it was home to a stand with a high proportion of dying giant fir (abies grandis), which necessitated a sanitary clear-cut. The project involves reforesting this 1.37-hectare plot with a mixture of deciduous and coniferous species. This approach to species diversification will fortify the forest, particularly in the face of climatic hazards, and encourage the presence of local biodiversity on the plateau. This reforestation will also give the plateau a more interesting landscape aspect, which will delight visitors. In the long term, the trees will help combat global warming by storing carbon. In the long term, the trees will ensure forest continuity in the area.

2020-2021_Evellys (56)_France

Epicéa de Sitka

Cryptoméria

Aulne glutineux

Saule Blanc

Au cœur du Morbihan, la plantation a lieu sur 4 parcelles forestières d’une surface totale de 2 hectares. Cette forêt a en partie été dévastée par la présence de scolytes. Ces insectes xylophages de la famille des coléoptères creusent des galeries sous l’écorce des arbres, ce qui empêche la sève de circuler. A terme, ce phénomène provoque le dépérissement des spécimens touchés. De plus, une violente tempête a également décimé une partie importante du peuplement. Au cours du projet de plantation, des essences diverses sont introduites. Cette démarche permettra à la forêt d’être plus résistante face aux futurs aléas biologiques et climatiques. Cette approche favorisera également le développement de la biodiversité locale. Par ailleurs, les arbres plantés stockeront du carbone, participant ainsi à la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique. Enfin, les arbres plantés assureront une continuité forestière sur la zone et participeront à la formation d’un patrimoine forestier résilient.

In the heart of Morbihan, the planting is taking place on 4 forest plots covering a total area of 2 hectares. Part of this forest has been devastated by the presence of bark beetles. These xylophagous insects of the beetle family burrow under the bark of trees, preventing the sap from circulating. In time, this phenomenon causes the affected trees to wither. A violent storm also decimated a large part of the stand. In the course of the planting project, various tree species are being introduced. This approach will make the forest more resistant to future biological and climatic hazards. It will also encourage the development of local biodiversity. In addition, the trees planted will store carbon, thereby helping to combat global warming. Finally, the trees planted will ensure forest continuity in the area, helping to create a resilient forest heritage.

2020-2021_Le Roulier (88)_France

Epicéa commun

Situé au cœur des Vosges en région Grand-Est, ce massif forestier se répartit sur deux zones rurales aux paysages diversifiés. D’une part, Le Roulier, commune marquée par l’importance de son espace forestier qui représente 58% de sa surface. Majoritairement composé de feuillus, ce massif forestier a été particulièrement affaibli par les tempêtes de 1999 ainsi que des attaques de scolytes. Insectes xylophages, ces ravageurs provoque, à terme, le dépérissement des spécimens touchés. Les épicéas scolytés et sinistrés sont donc prélevés et aujourd’hui, 1630 nouveaux arbres d’essences diverses sont introduits sur la parcelle. Cette démarche permet de fortifier le massif et d’augmenter sa résistance face à d’éventuels aléas climatiques et biologiques. Ce peuplement diversifié sera également favorable à l’accueil de la biodiversité et participera, sur la durée, à la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique grâce au carbone stocké par les arbres.

Located in the heart of the Vosges in the Grand-Est region, this forest is spread over two rural areas with diverse landscapes. Firstly, Le Roulier, a commune characterized by the importance of its forest area, which represents 58% of its surface area. Mostly made up of deciduous trees, this forest was particularly weakened by the storms of 1999, as well as by attacks from bark beetles. These xylophagous insects eventually cause the affected trees to die back. The bark beetle-damaged spruces were therefore removed, and today 1,630 new trees of various species have been introduced to the plot. This approach will fortify the massif and increase its resistance to potential climatic and biological hazards. This diversified stand will also encourage biodiversity and, in the long term, help combat global warming thanks to the carbon stored by the trees.

2020-2021_Mazaugues (83) RNA_France GIEFF Est Sainte Beaume

Projet Regeneration Naturelle Assistee EU_3 0123X000000a0LgQAI_3.jpg

Sorbier des oiseleurs

Frêne commun

Érable champêtre

Chêne pubescent

Pin sylvestre

Alisier blanc

Dans le département du Var, la parcelle forestière concernée par le projet s’étend sur 13,70 hectares. Elle se situe au sein d’un massif forestier de 600 hectares, dans le parc naturel régional de la Sainte-Baume. La forêt est actuellement composée d’un mélange de 26 essences, dont une majorité de pins sylvestres et de chênes pubescents. La zone bénéficiant de conditions pédoclimatiques favorables et d’un microclimat frais et humide, le peuplement montre des signes encourageants de régénération. Le projet consiste donc à assister le processus de régénération naturelle de la parcelle grâce à l’introduction de divers feuillus, essentiels à la biodiversité. Des pins sylvestres sont également plantés. Ces nombreuses variétés d’arbres participeront à la préservation et à la fortification de ce patrimoine forestier, ainsi qu’à l’enrichissement de la biodiversité. Sur le long terme, ce massif pérennisé fera office de puits de carbone et permettra la production de bois d’œuvre durable.

In the Var department, the forest plot involved in the project covers 13.70 hectares. It is part of a 600-hectare forest in the Sainte-Baume Regional Nature Park. The forest is currently made up of a mix of 26 species, the majority of which are Scots pine and downy oak. The area benefits from favorable soil and climate conditions and a cool, damp microclimate, and the stand is showing encouraging signs of regeneration. The project therefore involves assisting the plot's natural regeneration process by introducing a variety of deciduous trees, essential for biodiversity. Scots pine will also be planted. These numerous tree varieties will help to preserve and fortify this forest heritage, as well as enriching biodiversity. In the long term, this sustainable forest will act as a carbon sink, enabling the production of sustainable timber.

2020-2021_Millac_86 Vienne_France

2020-2021_Millac_86 Vienne_France_2022820_9370.jpeg

2020-2021_Millac_86 Vienne_France_2022820_9370_1.jpeg

2020-2021_Millac_86 Vienne_France_2022820_9370_2.jpeg

2020-2021_Millac_86 Vienne_France_2022820_9370_3.jpeg

2020-2021_Millac_86 Vienne_France_2022820_9370_4.jpeg

2020-2021_Millac_86 Vienne_France_2022820_9370_5.jpeg

2020-2021_Millac_86 Vienne_France_2022820_9370_6.jpeg

Projet de plantation EU_US_6 0123X000000a0LeQAI_6.jpg

{"Latitude":46.18556944444444,"Longitude":0.6763555555555555,"Altitude":167.14937210839392}

2020-2021_Millac_86 Vienne_France_202456_8.JPG

2020-2021_Millac_86 Vienne_France_202456_9.JPG

{"Latitude":46.18555555555555,"Longitude":0.6737083333333332,"Altitude":158.69240953221535}

2020-2021_Millac_86 Vienne_France_202456_10.JPG

{"Latitude":46.18904166666666,"Longitude":0.6622805555555555,"Altitude":122.67116926973407}

2020-2021_Millac_86 Vienne_France_202456_11.JPG

{"Latitude":46.18550555555555,"Longitude":0.6763027777777777,"Altitude":166.970539188438}

2020-2021_Millac_86 Vienne_France_202456_12.JPG

Fusain d'Europe

Pêcher

Prunier

Églantier

Orme champêtre

Viorne obier

Charme commun

Houx commun

Prunellier

Tilleul à grandes feuilles

Noisetier commun

Néflier

Cognassier

Nerprun purgatif

Cornouiller sanguin

Tilleul à petites feuilles

Sureau noir

Cornouiller mâle

Noyer commun

Troene commun

Pommier sauvage

Amandier

Poirier sauvage

Bourdaine

Orme Lutèce

Cormier

Bouleau pubescent

Dans la Vienne (86), ces anciennes terres bocagères où la majorité des haies avaient été arrachées, sont aujourd’hui majoritairement utilisées à des fins agricoles. Aujourd’hui, priorité est donnée à la restauration de la biodiversité et à la préservation des sols sur ces terres. Des haies composées de diverses essences de feuillus (arbustes, arbres et arbrisseaux) sont plantées pour régénérer ces terres. Les arbres introduits viennent ainsi nettoyer les sols, empêcher leur érosion ainsi que filtrer l’eau. Sur le plan écologique, les haies favorisent la présence de la biodiversité, essentielle au bon fonctionnement des différents écosystèmes. Bientôt, ces haies en devenir permettront aussi à la faune d’investir les parcelles. Concernant la production agricole, les haies feront office de coupe-vent, protégeant ainsi les cultures contre les aléas naturels. Ces fonctions environnementales et écologiques qui bénéficieront à ces terres et à la population environnante sur la durée.

In the Vienne department (86), this former bocage land, where most of the hedges had been removed, is now mainly used for agricultural purposes. The priority today is to restore biodiversity and preserve the soil on this land. Hedgerows made up of various deciduous species (shrubs, trees and bushes) are planted to regenerate the land. The trees introduced clean the soil, prevent erosion and filter water. From an ecological point of view, the hedges encourage the presence of biodiversity, essential to the proper functioning of the various ecosystems. In the near future, these hedges will also enable wildlife to move into the plots. In terms of agricultural production, the hedges will act as windbreaks, protecting crops against natural hazards. These environmental and ecological functions will benefit the land and the surrounding population over the long term.

2020-2021_Planteurs_Volontaires_3_59 Nord_France

2020-2021_Planteurs_Volontaires_3_59 Nord_France_202289_115742_1.jpg

2020-2021_Planteurs_Volontaires_3_59 Nord_France_202289_115742.jpg

Projet de plantation EU_US_3 0123X000000a0LeQAI_3.jpg

Cette année, presque 19 000 arbres seront plantés dans plusieurs communes du département du Nord; pour des propriétaires privés comme publics. Ces divers projets ont de multiples avantages. L'implantation d'arbres sur des terres agricoles permet de favoriser la biodiversité; d'augmenter le rendement des cultures ou encore de limiter l'érosion des sols. Les essences implantées sont des feuillus tels que le charme, l'érable, le troène et le fusain; essences locales et adaptées. Elles sont accompagnées de fruitiers mellifères tels que l'églantier ou le prunellier. Cela permettra ,l'extension du couvert végétal, la lutte contre l'érosion. Enfin cela fournira des ilots de fraicheur et des zone d'ombrage pour le bétail.

Planting multifunctional hedges. Agricultural lands in the Nord department are sparsely wooded. This uniformity increases the risk of erosion, biodiversity loss and soil leaching. The Planteurs Volontaires association works with farmers and local authorities to encourage the planting of hedgerows, orchards, avenue trees and isolated trees.

This year, almost 19,000 trees will be planted in several communes in the Nord department, for both private and public owners. These projects have multiple benefits. Planting trees on farmland promotes biodiversity, increases crop yields and limits soil erosion. The species planted are deciduous trees such as hornbeam, maple, privet and charcoal: these are local, well-adapted species. They are accompanied by melliferous fruit trees such as wild rose and blackthorn. This will extend the vegetation cover and combat erosion. Last but not least, it will provide cool islands and shade for livestock.

Bénéfices estimés des arbres plantés ou préservés

En savoir plus sur la mission de Reforest'Action

Actualités de Reforest'Action

"Assisted Natural Regeneration allows forests to be more resilient in the face of climate change": an interview with Sasha Pinot

Core elements of designing a regenerative agriculture project

Maison Hennessy's commitment to restoring the land of Mount Kenya: a multi-faceted project